|  The solution to Einstein's equations for a three-dimensional spacetime 
with a single point mass looks like a flat spacetime everywhere to local
 observers -- except when they make measurements around spatially closed
 curves (curves that come back to the same place, but at a later time)  
that contain the mass itself. 
  When they do this, they learn that the space part of the spacetime they live in is not a flat plane, but a cone.   
  A Flatlander travelling around the blue arc will think she's been around a complete circle.
 But she will measure the circumference of this circle to be smaller 
than 2 R Pi, or 6 Pi in this case. The angular size of the missing wedge
 above is Pi/2, so the Flatlander will measure the circumference of her 
path to be 3  R Pi/2, or 4.5 Pi. Therefore she will be able to deduce 
that her path has encircled a point mass, and that she must live on a 
cone, not on a flat plane. Note that circular paths that do not circle 
the mass will have the normal circumference of 2 R Pi 
  The missing angle is called the deficit angle. According to 
Einstein's equations, the mass M of the point is related to the deficit 
angle B through the formula B=8GM Pi, where G is Newton's constant. The 
deficit angle can't be larger than 2Pi, so there is a limit on the 
allowed mass: M must be less than or equal to 1/4G. (Note: the units of 
Newton's constant are not the same in three and four spacetime 
dimensions. Why not?) 
  Another way of picturing this cone is shown below. It's just the xy 
plane with a wedge removed, and the sides sewn back together. Note that 
the blue circular arc is actually a closed path when the red dashed 
lines are identified by the sewing-together operation. 
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