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Tuesday, June 14, 2016

What Physicists Are Looking for Now That They’ve Found the Higgs Boson


The Compact Muon Solenoid, a massive particle detector for the Large Hadron Collider, at CERN, is a general detector for investigating a wide array of physics.
Photographer: Luca Locatelli

The world’s most epic physics experiment will flip back on as early as Saturday. After a two-year tuneup, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will run at twice the power it needed in 2012 to find the Higgs boson, the long-theorized particle that confers mass onto matter.

As monumental as the Higgs discovery was — its theorists won the Nobel Prize in Physics the next year — physicists still have very little idea what’s going on in the universe, beyond the stuff we can see, touch, and smell. A big question concerns “dark matter,” what scientists call the stuff that makes up 80 percent of galaxies but that doesn’t interact with light, atoms, and molecules. They know it’s there, but it’s hiding from us.

With the Higgs in hand, finding traces of dark matter is the next big hunt in high-energy physics.

The Standard Model of physics is what scientists consider their working picture of how fundamental particles behave and interact. But it “has some holes in it,” says Verena Martinez Outschoorn, an assistant professor of physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “We know that our worldview, our model, our understanding of particles and their interactions is kind of a subset of a bigger picture,” she says. “We have reason to believe there are other particles out there.”


The Atlas instrument at the Large Hadron Collider is used to detect a broad range of phenomena, including the long-elusive Higgs boson, finally discovered in 2012.
 Photographer: Luca Locatelli

The LHC is located at CERN, the scientific research juggernaut in Meyrin, Switzerland. It’s a network of superpowered, supercold, super empty magnet-driven beam pipes that zip protons around a 17-mile loop. Some circle the ring in one direction; some trace the opposite path.

How high-powered? Ultimately, 14 tera-electron volts, or 14 trillion electron volts (eVs). That’s a lot of anything. Neutrons popping out of a radioactive nucleus — nuclear fission — have about a million electron volts. Medical X-rays have about 200,000 eVs. Electrons hit old-fashioned cathode-ray television screens with about 20,000 eVs.

How cold? At 1.9 kelvins (-456F), the LHC magnets are colder than outer space.

How empty? The vacuum beam pipes that carry the particles around in circles are so empty they make the moon’s atmosphere look like a choking smog.
Protons loop around and around at 11,000 laps per second, until they’re steered into each other. The collision frees energy and many kinds of particles, which are just as soon collected by detectors, including four massive ones underground. The Atlas detector (see above) is 46 meters long, 25 meters high, and 25 meters wide. At 7,000 metric tons, its the largest one ever by sheer volume. (Atlas is outweighed, however, by the Compact Muon Solenoid detector.)



Workers perform maintenance on the Compact Muon Solenoid detector, which, like Atlas, was used to search for the Higgs boson. Next up: The hunt for particles of dark matter, the mysterious stuff that makes up 80 percent of galaxies’ mass.
Photographer: Luca Locatelli

From the data these and other detectors collect, scientists try to piece together what happened in the proton collision, and what particles it released.
If there’s one rule in the universe that’s unbreakable, it’s the law of conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. So when physicists add up the energy of all the particles that come out of a collision, they must total the known energy level of the experiment. If it doesn’t add up, that may indicate that some energy was siphoned away in the generation of dark matter particles. And by definition, those can’t be detected by us.

It’s not an insane way to find new particles. This process is essentially how scientists found the neutrino, a fundamental particle that’s shot out of radioactive elements and passes right through us all the time. “This sounds like kind of a funny way of doing a measurement, by saying what’s not there,” says Jesse Thaler, an assistant professor of physics at MIT. “But actually, historically, we’ve been quite successful in this.”

The Alice detector at the LHC sits in a cavern 56 meters below ground. The 10,000-metric ton instrument studies “quark soup,” which scientists say existed in the millionths of a second after the Big Bang.
  Photographer: Luca Locatelli

“I’ve seen a lot of strange stuff, but I’ve never seen anything to make me believe that there’s one all-powerful Force controlling everything.”


Physicists have four forces they can account for: gravity, the weak and strong nuclear forces, and electromagnetism. Plus, there’s the basket of stuff they don’t understand, such as dark matter and dark energy. Minimalists might prefer that they find, if there’s one waiting to be found, an even simpler understanding of the universe, one that reconciles the four fundamental forces and the dark stuff. For scientific accounting — Han Solo be damned — it just might be neater and easier to have one all-powerful force controlling everything.


BLACK HOLES, BROWNIAN MOTION



BLACK HOLES, BROWNIAN MOTION

If you’ve ever watched dust-motes dancing in a sunbeam then you’ve observed Brownian motion. It is the jerky, fluttering motion of particles in fluids such as air or water. The botanist Robert Brown first described the motion in detail. He demonstrated that it was not caused by some living organism, but was never able to determine its cause. That answer came from Albert Einstein, who proved that Brownian motion was due to molecules of the fluid colliding with the Brownian particle.  Brownian motion was definitive proof of the atomic theory of matter. Even though we couldn’t (at that time) see the atoms which make up matter, we could see the effect of their existence.

What does all this have to do with black holes? Well it turns out black holes also undergo Brownian motion, and astronomers can use that fact to their advantage.

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BROWNIAN MOTION ANIMATION. SOURCE: WIKIMEDIA

Within most galaxies is a supermassive black hole. These typically have a mass a hundred thousand to a billion times larger than our sun. They reside in the center of the galaxy, surrounded by a dense cluster of stars. Just as a dust-mote is knocked about by the tiny atoms surrounding it, the black hole is knocked about by the (relatively) tiny stars surrounding it. Obviously we can’t observe this motion in real time, but its effect is clearly measurable.

There is an important difference between dust-motes and black holes. For traditional Brownian motion, the atoms move very much like billiard balls. An atom moves freely through space until it collides with the dust-mote, the collision happens very quickly, and then the atom moves freely again. But stars surrounding a black hole do not interact like billiard balls. For stars and black holes, the interaction varies depending on how close a star is to the black hole. This means that while the billiard-ball type model for Brownian motion can’t be used to model stars and black holes, you also have to take into account how the black hole’s gravity affects the distribution of stars in the first place.

Typically, the Brownian motion of a black hole has been modeled by starting with a galaxy of stars in an equilibrium state, then adding the black hole to the model to see what happens. But fellow RIT faculty David Merritt and his team modeled a galaxy of stars in equilibrium with the central black hole from the beginning. What they were able to show was that this new approach makes a significant difference in your predicted outcomes. Essentially, the presence of the black hole means that closer stars have more kinetic energy on average than more distant stars, and these closer stars in turn create most of the Brownian motion of the black hole.

The reason this matters is that Brownian motion can be used to determine the mass of the black hole in the center of our Milky Way galaxy. Measure the distribution of stellar speeds near the center of our galaxy and you can determine the mass of the central black hole. Merritt and co. determined the mass of our galactic black hole to be about 1.2 million solar masses. Pretty big, but smaller than older measurements which gave a value of about 3 million solar masses.

All this from treating a huge black hole as a cosmic speck of dust.

Saturday, March 12, 2016

Thursday, February 25, 2016

Intelligent Story: The Genius Einstein's Driver


There is a story about how Albert Einstein was traveling to universities, giving lectures on his famous theory of relativity. One day while on their way to a university,

The driver said:" Dr. Einstein, I've heard that lecture more than 30 times. I have learned it by heart and bet I could give it myself."

"Well, I'll give you the chance," said Einstein,

"They don't know me at the next school, so when we get there I'll put on your cap and you introduce yourself as me and give the lecture." Einstein continued.

At the hall, the driver gave Einstein's lecture so wonderfully that he didn't make any mistakes.

When he finished, he started to leave, but one of the professors stopped him and asked him a question which was very difficult. The aim of the question was not gaining knowledge but embarrassing Einstein.

The driver thought fast.

"The answer to that problem is so simple," he said,
"I'm surprised you have to ask me. In fact, to show you just how simple it is, I'm going to ask my driver to come up here and answer your question."!

Then Einstein stood up and gave an incredible answer to the question of that professor.


Moral of the story: No matter how genius you pretend to be, there is always someone who is more genius than you despite his position.

Friday, February 19, 2016

Something You Need To Know About Your Blood Group.

Something You Need To Know About Your Blood Group.

Whats Your Type And How Common Is It?
  • O+ 1 in 3 (37.4%) (Most common)
  • A+ 1 in 312 (35.7%)
  • B+ 1 in 1229 (8.5%)
  • AB+ 1 in 2915 (3.4%)
  • O- 1 in 1516 (6.6%)
  • A- 1 in 16 (6.3%)
  • B- 1 in 67 (1.5%)
  • AB- 1 in 167 (.6%) (Rarest)
Compatible Blood Types

  • O- Can Receive O-
  • O+ Can Receive O+ O-
  • A- Can Receive A- O-
  • A+ Can Receive A+ A- O+ O-
  • B- Can Receive B- O-
  • B+ Can Receive B+ B- O+ O-
  • AB- Can Receive AB- A- B- O-
  • AB+ Can Receive AB+ AB- A- B- A+ B+ O- O+
This is an important information which can save life! Please share with more and more people.

Friday, February 12, 2016

What are Gravitational Waves?

Today, the National Science Foundation (NSF) announced the detection of gravitational waves by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), a pair of ground-based observatories. But…what are gravitational waves
Let us explain:

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Gravitational waves are disturbances in space-time, the very fabric of the universe, that travel at the speed of light. The waves are emitted by any mass that is changing speed or direction. The simplest example is a binary system, where a pair of stars or compact objects (like black holes) orbit their common center of mass.

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We can think of gravitational effects as curvatures in space-time. Earth’s gravity is constant and produces a static curve in space-time. A gravitational wave is a curvature that moves through space-time much like a water wave moves across the surface of a lake. It is generated only when masses are speeding up, slowing down or changing direction.
Did you know Earth also gives off gravitational waves? Earth orbits the sun, which means its direction is always changing, so it does generate gravitational waves, although extremely weak and faint.
What do we learn from these waves?
Observing gravitational waves would be a huge step forward in our understanding of the evolution of the universe, and how large-scale structures, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are formed.
Gravitational waves can travel across the universe without being impeded by intervening dust and gas. These waves could also provide information about massive objects, such as black holes, that do not themselves emit light and would be undetectable with traditional telescopes.

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Just as we need both ground-based and space-based optical telescopes, we need both kinds of gravitational wave observatories to study different wavelengths. Each type compliments the other.
Ground-based: For optical telescopes, Earth’s atmosphere prevents some wavelengths from reaching the ground and distorts the light that does.
Space-based: Telescopes in space have a clear, steady view. That said, telescopes on the ground can be much larger than anything ever launched into space, so they can capture more light from faint objects.
How does this relate to Einstein’s theory of relativity?
The direct detection of gravitational waves is the last major prediction of Einstein’s theory to be proven. Direct detection of these waves will allow scientists to test specific predictions of the theory under conditions that have not been observed to date, such as in very strong gravitational fields.

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In everyday language, “theory” means something different than it does to scientists. For scientists, the word refers to a system of ideas that explains observations and experimental results through independent general principles. Isaac Newton’s theory of gravity has limitations we can measure by, say, long-term observations of the motion of the planet Mercury. Einstein’s relativity theory explains these and other measurements. We recognize that Newton’s theory is incomplete when we make sufficiently sensitive measurements. This is likely also true for relativity, and gravitational waves may help us understand where it becomes incomplete.

Thursday, February 11, 2016

GALILEO – Î’ULLET / MISSILE THEORY

*** GALILEO – Î’ULLET / MISSILE THEORY - NEWTON : if you shoot (horizontally and straight to the target) with a gun G3 kneeling or lying a target at 300 meters, given that the bullet runs with 800 m / sec , at 1/3 sec the bullet goes to the center of the target and it has not gone down (having a greater range). (I've done it personally hitting the center of the target with 10 continious bullets). If you leave it from the same small height it takes again 1/3 sec the most to reach the ground. (The same happens to a space without air -air resistance- , except that there the target must be put a little farther or a little closer than 300 meters since the speed changes a little). Thus the Galileo proposal that a body that is pushed horizontally will fall to the ground at the same time with a body that is vertically left to fall at the same time from the same height , is not exactly correct but it is quite statistic and has to do with a rather weak push. Further on the basis of Galileo – Newton , in the fall of bodies, the vertical distance is proportional (analogic) to the square of the time since Galileo let objects to fall to the ground from a ski slope : when the body left the ski slope it traveled a horizontal distance (the shadow of which in the ground is the time of the drop) , and also it traveled a vertical distance (which is the distance between the edge of the ski slope and the ground) and this distance is the space of the fall. However , if we select a different – bigger ski slope with much larger vertical length (in the same distance from the ground as before) we shall see that the horizontal vector-time-shadow will be bigger than before because the body in the ski slope has taken much more speed than before. So the analogy is rather ruined. Therefore we see that the physics of proposals (calculus Principia propositions) of Galileo - Newton (F = G mM / r2 , etc.) is a good and reasonable statistical technical approach that weakens in bigger conditions. THE TRUE MAN IS THE MEASURE OF ALL FLUID THINGS.
*** ΑΒΟUT THE ACCELERATION ¨ further , simply put , Galileo's acceleration a =S/t2 means that '' a body moves with eg 4 m/1sec2 '' (ie 1 sec squared). This means that '' the body in 1 sec is moving at 4 m/sec '' or that '' in the end of 1 sec the body covers 4 m in 1 sec i.e. 0,4 min 0,1 sec as momentum speed''. However (since as we said if we choose another Galileo ski slope the Galileo square analogy in time would not be exactly correct) -since the momentum ιnstantaneous speed is fluid , it could be said that : '' at the end of 1 sec the body covers 0 ,4 m in 0.1 sec at the end of which 0.1 sec the body covers 0,04 m in 0,01 sec '' and the acceleration could be defined as a =S/t3 ie 4m/1sec3 (ie sec cubed and not squared). Thus other equations should also be changed. Eg the equation of Galileo for the ''average speed' of an accelerated body S =(1/2)at2 has to do not only with the acceleration of gravity ''G = 9,8 m / sec2'' but also with any other acceleration even larger , so it also could be cubed instead of squared. (Even if we accept the Galileo square , the truth is that a falling accelarating body does not easily accept a definition of a stable ''average speed'' 5m / sec , because if in the first sec it has traveled 5 m, in the 2nd sec it will have traveled much greater distance , for example at least 20 m. And if we put the cube in the acceleration equation it would be even bigger with obvious consequences in the Newtonian ''F = GmM/r2''. So we are talking about rather fluid and calculus type equations that do not involve much wider and bigger conditions.

Trully if you accept ''average speed'' 5m/sec = in 1 sec 5 m , you cannot easilly accept ''average speed'' 20m/2 sec=10m/sec=in 1 sec 10 m , so it is all statistic and fluid.

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In this post i mean 9,8 = g and not G
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Wednesday, February 10, 2016

On the deceleration or acceleration

Further, in simple terms under acceleration a galilean =s / T2 means '' A body moving bc with 4 M / 1 Sec2 '' (i.e. 1 Sec Squared). That means '' The body in 1 SEC IS MOVING AT 4 M / SEC '' So how '' At the end of a sec body cover 4 M IN 1 sec i.e. 0,4 m in 0,1 sec ''. However (since like we said, if you choose more galilaiikḗ slide would be undermined as a statistical the proportion of the block) Here-because the instant speed is fluid concept-could have said this: '' At the end of a sec body cover 0,4 m in 0,1 sec at the end of which 0,1 sec body cover 0,04 m in 0,01 SEC '' And Set the acceleration as a =s / t3 i.e. 4 M / sec sec3 (i.e. in the cube-and not on the block). It should be amended and other similar types. Bc the-Average-type of Galileo for '' Average speed '' A body of accelerating χ=(at2 1/2) not only for the acceleration of gravity '' G = 9,8 m / sec2 '' But every other acceleration however big, so I'll epidécheto and power in the cube instead of power on the block. (besides-even if we accept the block of Galileo-a falling body accelerating cannot be easily definition fixed medium speed bc steady speed on average 5 M / sec, because if the first sec has comes 5 M, in 2 O sec will have travelled far greater distance bc at least 20 m. If we put cube the acceleration would be even greater with obvious consequences in Newton '' F=Gmm / R2 ''. Basically it is a largely types these weekly meetings, autoanaphorikoús, by way of trigon not relating to much broader conditions.

*** ΑΒΟUT THE ACCELERATION AND GALILEO : further , simply put , Galileo's acceleration a =S/t2 means that '' a body moves with eg 4 m/1sec2 '' (ie 1 sec squared). This means that '' the body in 1 sec is moving at 4 m/sec '' or that '' in the end of 1 sec the body covers 4 m in 1 sec i.e. 0,4 m in 0,1 sec as momentum speed''. However (since as we said if we choose another Galileo ski slope the Galileo square analogy in time would not be exactly correct) -since the momentum ιnstantaneous speed is fluid , it could be said that : '' at the end of 1 sec the body covers 0 ,4 m in 0.1 sec at the end of which 0.1 sec the body covers 0,04 m in 0,01 sec '' and the acceleration could be defined as a =S/t3 ie 4m/1sec3 (ie sec cubed and not squared). Thus other equations should also be changed. Eg the equation of Galileo for the ''average speed' of an accelerated body X =(1/2)at2 has to do not only with the acceleration of gravity ''G = 9,8 m / sec2'' but also with any other acceleration even larger , so it also could be cubed instead of squared. (Even if we accept the Galileo square , the truth is that a falling accelarating body does not easily accept a definition of a stable ''average speed'' 5m / sec , because if in the first sec it has traveled 5 m, in the 2nd sec it will have traveled much greater distance , for example at least 20 m. And if we put the cube in the acceleration equation it would be even bigger with obvious consequences in the Newtonian ''F = GmM/r2''. So we are talking about rather fluid and calculus type equations that do not involve much wider and bigger conditions.

Trully if you accept ''average speed'' 5m/sec = in 1 sec 5 m , you cannot easilly accept ''average speed'' 20m/2 sec=10m/sec=in 1 sec 10 m , so it is all statistic and fluid.

The most famous guy for straight smooth movement is the u =S / T. The guy who gave himself Galileo to express the average speed of an accelerated college is x = (1/2) a t2, whom I have. As I mentioned the guy under the galilean concerns expression of the average speed of an accelerated college and no rectilinear smooth movement (U= s / T) neither of the acceleration (a =S / T2). If in a mean in acceleration put the g so the acceleration due to gravity 9,8 m / sec2, we get 5 M IN 1 SEC AND 20 M IN 2 sec so we have an expression of the average speed for A falling body as follows: average speed of 5 M IN 1 sec and average speed of 20 metres in 2 sec and average speed of 45 M IN 3 SEC, etc.

Monday, February 1, 2016

10 Facts About Black Holes You Didn’t Know

A black hole is  a region of space time with a very strong gravitational force that even the light cannot escape from the inside of a black hole. Black hole can as big as millions of sun together or as small as a atom. Here is a list of 10 crazy facts about black holes.

1. Black holes decide the number of stars in the galaxies

dnews-files-2013-04-black-hole-dance-of-doom-jpg

Some scientists believe, the number of stars in the universe are limited by the number of black holes in our universe.

2. Laws of physics don’t work at the center of a black hole

blackholesdo

According to some theories, a black hole is crush matter to infinite density. When this happens, the laws of physics break down because it is not possible to conceive of anything with a zero volume & infinite density.

3. Any matter like Iron can become a black hole

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Most people believe that stars are the only things that can convert into black holes. If your car were shrunk down to a infinite small point and still able to retained all of their mass, Its density would reach tremendous levels which would make its force of gravity strong enough to become a black hole.

4. Dense

bigsurprises

To pull light into itself a black hole should have enough gravity. Black hole has to contain a enormous amount of mass in a small space.

5. Albert Einstein did’t discovered the black holes

quote-black-holes-are-where-god-divided-by-zero-albert-einstein-35-38-16
Albert Einstein only revived a theory about black holes in 1916. In 1783, John Mitchell was the one who developed the theory after he wondered if its possible that a gravitational force could be so strong that even particles of light couldn’t escape from it.

6. Different kinds of black holes

BH3

Modern astronomers and scientists believe that black holes come in different types. There are spinning black holes and electrical black holes and also the spinning electrical black holes.

7. You’ll be killed in horrible way near a black hole

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Although it obvious that a black hole will probably kill you, most people think they would just get crushed by the black hole. But that isn’t true, your body would most likely get stretched to death.

8. Black holes  do spin

6a00d8341bf67c53ef014e5f4b2768970c-800wi

When collapses of the core of a star happens, the star start rotating faster and faster and also becomes smaller and smaller. But then it reaches the point where it doesn’t have much amount mass to convert into a black hole, it gets squeezed together and form a neutron star and also continues to spin rapidly. Same thing applies to black holes.

9. Massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy

milky-way-final-3c

The one in the center of the Milky Way is one of the biggest discovered yet. It’s 30,000 light years away from us and is more than 30 million times massive than our sun.

10. Black hole near to the Earth

29B2C23600000578-3127877-image-a-9_1434535901294

The nearest black hole to our earth is 1,600 light years away.

Wednesday, January 27, 2016

10 Crazy Facts You Didn’t Know About The Sun

We see it every day and its probably one of the most important and necessary thing needed for the existence of life. But how much do we actually know about Sun? Ok, so you probably know at least a few things, but not the things we are going to tell you right now.

1. Nuclear Bombs

the-truth-about-nuclear-weapons-e1341873217972Every second the sun gives off the same amount of energy as 10 billion nuclear bombs. To just give you a hint, only few hundred of nuclear bomb is enough to destroy our whole world. Nuclear weapons are more powerful now than they were in the time of second world war.

2. Less than 30 days


All the energy used by man since the dawn of civilization is roughly equal to 30 days of the sun’s energy. Yupe that’s all it is for the Sun.

3. A lot of power

3D Electric powerlines over sunriseEvery year our planet Earth absorbs 94 billion megawatts of energy from the sun. That’s more than the world’s total energy need.

4. Green flash

GreenFlashWWe all know that the sun can be yellow or orange but did you know that it can be green also? This phenomenon is known as green flash is very rare.

5. 1 million years

sun-surface-nasa-footage
It takes energy in the sun’s core about 1 million years to reach the surface.

6. It is heavy

planetsizesWell, it’s massive, it is really huge check out the picture above. In fact, it accounts about 99% of the mass of the entire solar system and all the other planets and star or anything in our solar system is just 1% of our total solar system mass.

7. It’s not yellow

interesting-facts-sun-0Most photos captured  and what we see suggests that the sun orange, red, yellow or a combination of the three. But in reality, the sun none of them it is white.  It appears yellow to us because of the blue light present in the Earth’s atmosphere.

8. The Sun can make us taller

sun-joy-happy-person-silhouette-image-public-domain-pixabayWhen the sun and moon are in a apogee, or pulling the Earth in the same direction, our bodies get stretched but only microscopically.

9. It was a monster

sun-monsterAt least that’s what people used to think back in the days. One legend said it was a man with 3 eyes and 4 arms that he was abandoned by his spouse for being too bright and shine.

10. It’s really bright

The-Bright-Sun-Blue-Sky-CloudsOk, so you knew that sun is really bright, but did you know that it is brighter than about 85% of everything else in the entire Milky Way?

Tuesday, January 19, 2016

White Holes: The Other Side of Black Holes

Courtesy: JPL NASA

I was watching the documentary Master of the Universe, by Stephen Hawking, and I remembered my own ideas of who we are and where we come from. Although my ideas have some basis in currently accepted scientific theories, they are still mostly imagination, and I can’t provide any mathematical or physical proof for them. Enjoy the imagination, and build upon it if you wish to.

String theory states that all particles are nothing but different vibrating strings of matter. A string is to an atom roughly as a human is to our known universe in size. It reminds me of the words nad Brahma, from India’s ancient past, which means that sound (waves) is the creator. This is pretty close to what the string theory theorizes now.

Scientists struggle to combine Einstein’s theory of relativity with string theory. Einstein’s theory of relativity explains how things work at large, and String theory explains how they work on the quantum level. But when we try and combine these two, they seem to not work together. The rules of physics seem to break down, especially in case of singularities, also known as black holes.
Andrew J. Hanson, Indiana University. [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or Attribution], via Wikimedia Commons - See more at: http://www.blueplanetjournal.com/cosmos/white-holes-the-other-side-of-black-holes.html#sthash.od8bmg2v.dpuf
Quantum physicists predict that there can be as many as 11 or more dimensions other than our own. Particles from our three-dimensional space migrate to other dimensions and appear back frequently. When an electron disappears from our space and comes back at some other place, where does it go? It’s not in our visible universe. Building upon it, I think that it migrates to one of the other dimensions. How can it come back to our dimension so easily? And if one electron can do that, then why doesn’t the rest of the matter in other dimensions pop out in our own?

The answer to that question will require some creative thinking. Let’s go to our Big Bang event. As Stephen Hawking explains, our Big Bang was nothing but an eruption of a big black hole and all the fundamental forces were combined in one super force before the eruption. The question arises: Why did it happen, and why here and not somewhere else? Why only four kinds of fundamental forces? Why not three or five or any other arbitrary number?

The more I think about it, the more I get imaginative. Let’s go back to the concept of the black hole for our answers. A black hole is a collapsed star with such enormous gravitational force, even light cannot escape.
Courtesy: JPL NASA

To understand a black hole, think of a star as you sitting on a bed, and when you put a ball near you it tries to roll in the hole created by your weight. On a larger scale, that hole you created is called the warping of space. The gravity of massive objects warp our three dimensional space, and when some other object comes close to that heavenly body, it falls in that warp and starts moving towards it in a slow circular motion. It takes billions or even trillions of years for both of them to fall into each other.
Sun, our star

To understand a black hole, I will give another example. A star is massive and has lots of matter; it has immense gravity, but the matter is still intact. A hydrogen atom is still hydrogen atom. A star stays in its form by a critical balance of the energies which are forcing it outward and inward. Gravity tries to pull everything inwards. When a large star burns up its fuel, gravity starts getting an edge over other energies pulling the star outwards. And, when gravity wins, the star collapses, and becomes a black hole.

Let’s imagine our space as a thin paper sheet which can hold the weight of a few empty cardboard boxes, which represent matter. If we have a bunch of them and we put them spread out over that thin paper floor, it might be able to hold their weight if it’s equally distributed on the whole floor. It will warp the floor, but still won’t break it. But, if we take out all the space from the cardboard boxes by flattening them and combining them in one stack, what happens? The floor collapses. It breaks down, and that’s precisely what happens when a star collapses onto itself. All that matter which was occupying a large space in our space tries to fit in a very small space because atoms break down to particles and possibly even further, and space is not able to hold so much mass in some very small space. At a critical point it creates a hole in our space-- a black hole is born. Its gravity starts pulling matter around it and starts compressing it, as it did to itself.

But does that mean the matter which goes in a black hole disappears? I think that’s not the case. What happens in a black hole is that it crushes the matter and takes out all the extra space between the molecules and strings, or even beyond the strings if we come to know that level of smallness in the future.

All that condensed matter goes to other dimensions.

Now, let me expand a little about matter appearing in our dimension from other dimensions. We know now that our space, which we thought was empty, is not really empty, but is full of matter which has significant mass which is not visible to us yet. There are particles which appear in space randomly, containing positive mass and negative mass, and they annihilate each other when they meet each other. Small particles can do that because our dimension has small pockets of empty space, but enormous mass from other dimension cannot erupt into ours because our space is teaming with particles and mass, and doesn’t have a weak spot for so much matter to erupt.
life of a photon

What will happen in a few trillion or quadrillion years to our universe? We know that the universe is expanding; everything in our universe is running away from each other at a great speed. In some trillion or more years, we will have huge gaps between galaxies, and in some distant future, perhaps the density of mass in our universe will become so thin that it won’t be able to stop mass from other dimensions from erupting into our own. The weakest pocket in this space will be the point where the new big bang will happen-- the same as how our Big Bang happened. And, that will be the beginning of a new universe with its own physical properties and rules, depending on how the eruption occurs and matter breaks down in strings again. Different sized strings will create different kinds of particles and different sets of everything we know. We might see more or less than the four fundamental forces which we see in our universe.

We can call these eruptions a white hole or a Big Bang. Contrary to the black hole, a white hole is where matter comes out from and gets uncondensed, finding suitable conditions and available space. Matter comes out with so much force that the eruption creates a bubble around it which becomes a new universe with its own big bang.

Since string size is arbitrary and infinite in number as well as particles, it’s very difficult but still possible to have the same set of rules as our universe in one of these eruptions somewhere in space. We can find universes which are governed by the same rules as ours, or at least quite similar. There can be universes which are microscopic compared to our own, or so vast that our universe looks microscopic in front of them, depending on the size of the white hole from which it was born.

Another phrase from ancient India is jeevan chakra, which means the circle of life. Life is cyclical, just like our universe, exploding and imploding in black and white holes, coming to life and death on its own again and again. The finer energies will keep playing the game of life forever, and this circle will go on…

Friday, January 8, 2016

Natural Ways For Cleaning Your Lungs of Nicotine And Tar

smoker's and non-smoker's lungs
smoker's and non-smoker's lungs

No matter how aware people are of the harmful ingredients in cigarettes and how they are the number 1 cause of lung cancer, they still can’t quit smoking. Well if you recognize yourself in the sentence above, the least you can do is clean your lungs of nicotine and tar build up and decrease your risk of infections.
There’s no magical formula that will cleanse the lungs instantly, but here is a list of foods that works best at throwing out the nicotine and tar.Corn is a food that contains beta-cryptoxanthin, which is believed that can protect you from lung cancer, because it is a powerful antioxidant. However, consume only organic, fresh corn.
Selenium is a very powerful antioxidant. Brazil nuts contain the highest source of selenium compared to other foods, so eat it as much as possible.
Onion is also a good lung cleaner. Onions can be of great help to prevent many diseases, including lung infections. In the case of people who already have cancer, it prevents the growth of new cells.

Ginger as a natural medicine and food, helps to defend against malignant diseases. This is another strong tool to relive you from the toxins in your lungs. You can consume ginger root tea, because it facilitates breathing. Also, you can eat a piece of ginger with a meal.
Oranges contain cryptoxanthin, which has a preventive effect against lung cancer.
Nettle is a plant full of iron, but it is very useful as a mean of disinfection for the lungs and plays an important role in fighting infections.
Pine needles tea is traditionally used for rinsing the mouth and throat, but can also be a good ally in the fight against lung cancer.